| Left-sided heart failure | Right-sided heart failure | |
|---|---|---|
| Systolic dysfunction | ||
| Impaired ventricular contractility | Myocardial infarction, or transient myocardial ischemia Chronic volume overload (mitral or aortic regurgitation) Dilated cardiomyopathy (see cardiomyopathy chapter for etiology of dilated cardiomyopathy) |
Myocardial infarction, or transient myocardial ischemia Chronic volume overload (tricuspid or pulmonic regurgitation) Dilated cardiomyopathy |
| Increased afterload | Uncontrolled systemic hypertension Aortic stenosis |
Uncontrolled pulmonary hypertension Pulmonic stenosis Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Interstitial lung disease Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) Chronic lung infection or bronchiectasis Pulmonary embolism |
| Diastolic dysfunction | ||
| Impaired ventricular relaxation | Ventricular hypertrophy Cardiomyopathy (hypertrophic or restrictive) Transient myocardial ischemia |
|
| Impaired ventricular filling | Mitral stenosis Pericardial constriction or tamponade |
Tricuspid stenosis Pericardial constriction or tamponade |